Polygamy in Papua New Guinea (PNG) has deep roots in customary law and traditional social structures, where it has long been accepted, particularly in the form of polygyny (one man with multiple wives), as part of clan-based marriage systems and “big man” culture that associates multiple wives with wealth, status and the ability to support large households. Historically, before the arrival of Christian missionaries in the 19th century, influential men often married several women to increase labour for gardening, pig-rearing and childbearing, thereby strengthening social and economic standing. Although Christianity and modern state laws introduced monogamous ideals and attempted to regulate marriage, customary practices remain influential, and polygamy continues to be recognised in many communities with limited formal legal restriction. Over time, the practice has persisted and even spread beyond its traditional strongholds, with survey data indicating that a significant proportion of women in PNG have been in polygamous unions, reflecting its ongoing social relevance despite increasing criticism related to gender inequality, economic strain and family conflict. 

Speaking in Parliament during debates on gender-based violence and women’s issues, Prime Minister James Marape said the Government is considering a formal policy proposal that would lead to new laws ending the practice of polygamy moving forward. He revealed plans to pursue legislation that would outlaw polygamy in PNG as part of a broader national effort to protect women, strengthen families and uphold respect for mothers and daughters. While acknowledging PNG’s rich cultural traditions, he stressed that harmful practices must be reformed to safeguard the dignity and security of women. 

Under the proposed reform, existing polygamous arrangements would not be invalidated, and new polygamous marriages would be prohibited once the law comes into effect, with an expected target implementation date around 2030. The Government plans wide consultations with communities, churches, legal experts and cultural leaders as the proposal moves through the policy process. 

Can a law banning polygamy be effectively enforced across PNG’s diverse customary societies, or will it face strong resistance from communities where the practice remains deeply embedded?